“Pentecostalism” is a highly decentralized movement within Protestant Christianity. It emphasizes evangelism, emotionally expressive worship, and direct personal experience of the Holy Spirit. Common Pentecostal beliefs and practices include belief in divine healing, baptism in the Holy Spirit, and the exercise of spiritual gifts such as prophecy and speaking in tongues. Many Pentecostal churches also stress personal discipline and moral conservatism, often including sexual restraint, strong family norms, and abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.

Especially from the 1960s onward, Pentecostalism grew rapidly across Latin America, challenging Catholicism’s long-standing dominance in the region.

From the 1990s to the early 2000s, the government of President Alberto Fujimori ran Peru’s forced sterilization campaign, targeting especially poor, rural, and Indigenous women. Official investigations and international human rights bodies have estimated that more than 300,000 women and more than 24,000 men were sterilized under the campaign, many through coercion or without valid informed consent.

For this debate, “open borders” is a hypothetical policy that would eliminate all routine immigration barriers, including visas, family caps, work-permit quotas, skill or income tests, and entry fees that exclude people solely because they are non-citizens of the receiving country. Border officials could still conduct customs inspections, enforce public health measures (e.g., temporary quarantine or proof of vaccination), and run narrowly targeted security checks on individuals listed as posing violent threats. Otherwise, anyone could freely enter, work, reside, and reunite with family in any country.

A “tiered loyalty program” is a rewards system in which a business grants customers progressively higher status and benefits as their cumulative points, spending, or engagement with that business increase.